Glutathione
amino acids
A tripeptide antioxidant (glutamic acid, cysteine, glycine) produced endogenously and crucial for cellular defence. Oral bioavailability is limited due to gastrointestinal degradation, making absorption forms and delivery methods significant considerations.
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Benefits
Dosage
Typical Dose
250–500 mg daily
Upper Limit
2000 mg daily (divided doses)
Timing
Take with food; liposomal forms best taken on empty stomach or with fat
Forms & Bioavailability
L-Glutathione (oral)
Low (5–10%); degraded by GI proteases
Liposomal Glutathione
High (20–35%); encapsulated in phospholipid vesicles
Acetyl-L-Glutathione
Moderate (10–15%); more stable than L-form
S-Acetyl Glutathione
Moderate–High (improved absorption vs. standard form)
Intravenous Glutathione
Complete (100%); medical/clinical use only
Side Effects
Interactions
Research Summary
Extensively researched for antioxidant and detoxification roles. Strong mechanistic evidence in vitro and animal models; human clinical evidence is moderate. Oral supplementation shows limited bioavailability, making liposomal and intravenous forms more effective. Applications studied include ageing, liver disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer support (as adjunct only). Further large-scale RCTs needed to establish clinical efficacy in specific disease states.
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The Bottom Line on Glutathione
Glutathione is well-researched with strong evidence supporting its primary benefits.It is most commonly used for potent intracellular antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and free radicals and supports hepatic detoxification and phase ii conjugation reactions. As with any supplement, individual results vary. Start with the lower end of the dosage range and assess for 4-8 weeks before adjusting.
About Our Research
This profile is compiled from peer-reviewed research published on PubMed, the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, and established nutritional science databases. Dosages reflect clinically-studied amounts from human trials where available. We update profiles as new research emerges. This is not medical advice — consult a healthcare professional before supplementing.
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Goal Guides for Glutathione
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