Nutrition & Supplement Encyclopedia

Essential fat-soluble vitamin produced by the skin in response to sunlight. Widespread deficiency in the UK, especially during winter months.

Essential mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions. Estimated 50-80% of the population is deficient. Critical for sleep, muscle function, and stress management.

Essential fatty acids found in fatty fish. Anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protective, and important for brain health.

The most researched sports supplement in history. Proven to increase strength, power output, and muscle mass. Also emerging evidence for cognitive benefits.

Ancient Ayurvedic adaptogen. Clinically shown to reduce cortisol, improve stress resilience, and enhance sleep quality. KSM-66 is the most researched extract.

Essential trace mineral involved in immune function, testosterone production, wound healing, and over 100 enzymatic reactions.

Amino acid found in green tea. Promotes calm focus without drowsiness. Synergistic with caffeine for clean, jitter-free energy.

Essential for nerve function, red blood cell production, and DNA synthesis. Deficiency common in vegans, vegetarians, and older adults.

Essential water-soluble vitamin and antioxidant. Supports immune function, collagen production, and iron absorption. Cannot be stored by the body — needs daily intake.

Fat-soluble vitamin critical for calcium metabolism. Directs calcium to bones and teeth while keeping it out of arteries. Often deficient in Western diets.

A form of magnesium specifically developed to cross the blood-brain barrier. Researched for cognitive function, memory, and brain ageing.

Medicinal mushroom with unique nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulating properties. Used traditionally in East Asian medicine for cognitive support.

Essential coenzyme for cellular energy production. Natural levels decline with age. Particularly important for heart health and anyone taking statins.

Scandinavian adaptogen herb used for centuries to combat fatigue and stress. May improve mental and physical performance under pressure.

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble essential nutrient crucial for vision, immune function, and skin health. It exists in two forms: retinol (preformed vitamin A from animal sources) and provitamin A carotenoids (beta-carotene from plants). Adequate intake supports cellular differentiation, antioxidant defence, and reproductive health.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage and supports immune function. It encompasses eight naturally occurring compounds, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form in humans.

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is an essential water-soluble vitamin critical for amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and immune function. It plays a vital role in energy production and haemoglobin formation, making it fundamental to neurological and cardiovascular health.

Folate is an essential B vitamin crucial for DNA synthesis, cell division, and methylation reactions. It plays a vital role in homocysteine metabolism and is particularly important during pregnancy for foetal neural development. Adequate folate status supports cognitive function, mood regulation, and cardiovascular health.

Iron is an essential mineral critical for oxygen transport, energy production, and cognitive function. It is particularly important for individuals at risk of deficiency, including vegans, vegetarians, and those with certain medical conditions. Proper supplementation can restore depleted iron stores and improve symptoms of anaemia.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral that functions as a cofactor for selenoproteins, including glutathione peroxidase, which protects cells from oxidative damage. It plays crucial roles in thyroid hormone metabolism, immune function, and reproductive health. Most people obtain adequate selenium through diet, particularly from Brazil nuts, fish, and eggs.

Iodine is an essential trace mineral critical for thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolic regulation. It is required for proper cognitive development, energy production, and maintaining healthy thyroid function throughout life.

Copper is an essential trace mineral required for iron metabolism, collagen formation, and neurological function. It acts as a cofactor for numerous enzymes and plays a critical role in energy production and immune system support.

Manganese is an essential trace mineral critical for bone development, metabolism, and antioxidant defence through the enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). It plays important roles in collagen synthesis, wound healing, and blood sugar regulation, though deficiency is rare in developed countries due to adequate dietary intake.

Chromium is an essential trace mineral that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels and supporting carbohydrate metabolism. It enhances insulin function and may help reduce cravings for refined carbohydrates. Evidence for benefits beyond glucose control remains limited.

Boron is a trace mineral that plays a role in bone health, cognitive function, and hormone regulation. While essential for plants, its necessity in human nutrition remains debated, though emerging evidence suggests benefits for bone density and testosterone levels.

NAC is a precursor to glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that supports liver detoxification and respiratory health. It has been used clinically for decades to treat acetaminophen overdose and is increasingly researched for its mucolytic and neuroprotective properties. Evidence supports its use for several health conditions, particularly those involving oxidative stress.

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring compound that functions as a powerful antioxidant and cofactor in cellular energy metabolism. It has been extensively studied for its potential benefits in managing blood sugar levels, neuropathic pain, and oxidative stress-related conditions.

Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in various plants that has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. It demonstrates significant metabolic and glucose-regulating properties supported by modern clinical research.

Curcumin is the active polyphenol compound found in turmeric (Curcuma longa), a spice used for centuries in traditional medicine. It is recognised for its potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, though absorption is naturally poor without enhancement. Modern supplementation typically uses bioavailability-enhanced formulations to maximise therapeutic effects.

Quercetin is a flavonoid antioxidant found naturally in plants, known for its anti-inflammatory and immune-supporting properties. It has been studied for its potential benefits in reducing allergic responses, supporting cardiovascular health, and enhancing athletic performance.

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound found primarily in red grapes, berries, and red wine that acts as a natural antioxidant and activates sirtuin pathways. It has been extensively studied for its potential anti-ageing, cardiovascular, and neuroprotective properties.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body, providing structural support to skin, joints, bones, and connective tissues. Supplemental collagen peptides (hydrolysed collagen) are broken down into smaller amino acids that may improve skin elasticity, joint health, and bone density. Evidence supports modest benefits, particularly when combined with vitamin C and consistent use over 8-12 weeks.

Glucosamine is an amino sugar naturally found in cartilage that is commonly supplemented to support joint health and mobility. Research on its efficacy is mixed, with some studies showing modest benefits for osteoarthritis whilst others show minimal effects compared to placebo.

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is an organic sulphur compound found naturally in plants, animals, and humans. It is commonly supplemented for joint health, skin quality, and connective tissue support. Evidence supporting its efficacy is mixed, with some studies showing modest benefits for osteoarthritis and exercise recovery.

Probiotics are live beneficial bacteria and yeasts that support gut microbiome balance and digestive health. They help restore healthy microbial populations, particularly after antibiotic use or digestive disturbances. Regular consumption may enhance immune function and improve overall gastrointestinal wellbeing.

Digestive enzymes are proteins that break down macronutrients into absorbable components, supporting nutrient bioavailability and gastrointestinal comfort. They contain combinations of amylase, protease, and lipase to facilitate carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion respectively. Often derived from plant or fungal sources, they may benefit those with compromised digestive function or enzyme deficiencies.

Psyllium husk is a soluble fibre derived from the seeds of Plantago ovata, commonly used to support digestive health and regularity. It absorbs water in the digestive tract to form a viscous compound that promotes bowel movement and may help maintain healthy cholesterol and blood sugar levels.

Spirulina is a nutrient-dense blue-green algae rich in protein, B vitamins, and antioxidants. It has been traditionally used for centuries and is recognised as a complete protein source containing all essential amino acids.

Chlorella is a nutrient-dense freshwater microalgae rich in chlorophyll, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement to support detoxification, energy levels, and immune function. Evidence suggests potential benefits for heavy metal binding and overall nutritional support, though clinical research remains limited.

Maca root is a Peruvian plant traditionally used to enhance energy, stamina, and sexual function. Rich in vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, it has been studied for its potential effects on fertility, hormonal balance, and overall vitality.

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is a traditional Southeast Asian herb used to support testosterone levels and male sexual function. Modern research supports its use for improving energy, stamina, and overall vitality in both men and women.

Shilajit is a mineral-rich resinous substance found in high mountain ranges, traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 3,000 years. It contains fulvic acid, humic acid, and over 80 minerals that may support energy production and overall vitality. Modern research suggests potential benefits for cognitive function, athletic performance, and cellular health.

Black seed oil, derived from Nigella sativa seeds, has been used in traditional medicine for centuries and contains the active compound thymoquinone. Research suggests it may support immune function, reduce inflammation, and provide antioxidant benefits. It is generally well-tolerated and increasingly popular in modern wellness protocols.

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is a traditional herbal remedy derived from the dark purple berries of the elder plant, rich in anthocyanins and other polyphenols. It has been used for centuries to support immune function and may help reduce the duration and severity of cold and flu symptoms. Modern research supports some traditional uses, though evidence remains mixed for certain applications.

Thiamine is an essential water-soluble B vitamin crucial for converting carbohydrates into energy and supporting nervous system function. It plays a vital role in nerve signal transmission, muscle contraction, and brain development.

Riboflavin is an essential B-vitamin that serves as a coenzyme in energy metabolism and antioxidant defence. It plays a critical role in converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into usable energy whilst supporting cellular health and nervous system function.

Vitamin B3, also known as niacin or nicotinic acid, is an essential water-soluble B vitamin crucial for energy metabolism and DNA repair. It plays a vital role in converting food into usable energy and supports cardiovascular and neurological health. Niacin is naturally found in meat, fish, nuts, and whole grains.

Pantothenic acid is an essential B vitamin that plays a critical role in energy metabolism and the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), which is vital for numerous biochemical pathways. It supports adrenal function, stress response, and the production of hormones and neurotransmitters. B5 is found widely in foods, and deficiency is rare in populations with adequate nutrition.

Biotin is a water-soluble B-vitamin essential for energy metabolism and the synthesis of fatty acids, amino acids and glucose. It supports the health of hair, skin, and nails whilst playing a crucial role in keratin production. Biotin is also involved in gene regulation and cell signalling.

Choline is an essential nutrient required for brain development, neurological function, and liver health. It serves as a precursor to acetylcholine, a crucial neurotransmitter, and plays a vital role in methylation reactions throughout the body. Most individuals obtain adequate amounts through diet, though supplementation may benefit cognitive function and athletic performance.

Potassium is an essential mineral and electrolyte critical for maintaining healthy blood pressure, heart function, and muscle contractions. It works synergistically with sodium to regulate fluid balance and nerve signal transmission throughout the body. Adequate potassium intake is vital for cardiovascular health and overall physiological function.

Calcium is an essential mineral critical for bone and teeth health, muscle function, and nerve transmission. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity and supporting numerous physiological processes throughout the body.

Phosphorus is an essential mineral that works alongside calcium to build and maintain strong bones and teeth. It plays a crucial role in energy production, cell growth, and the regulation of acid-base balance in the body.

Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid synthesised in the body and found in animal products, playing crucial roles in cardiovascular health, neurological function, and muscle performance. It supports energy metabolism, antioxidant defence, and osmoregulation across multiple organ systems.

Glycine is a simple, non-essential amino acid that serves as a neurotransmitter and is crucial for collagen synthesis, muscle function, and central nervous system regulation. It plays key roles in sleep quality, joint health, and cognitive performance. Research suggests glycine may support relaxation and improve sleep architecture.

L-Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid that serves as a primary fuel source for intestinal cells and supports immune function. It becomes essential during periods of intense stress, illness, or intense exercise when demand exceeds endogenous production.

L-Carnitine is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative that plays a crucial role in transporting long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. It is synthesised in the body from lysine and methionine, and is also found in animal products, making deficiency rare in those consuming adequate protein.

L-Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that serves as a precursor to nitric oxide, supporting cardiovascular function and blood flow. It plays important roles in immune function, wound healing, and protein synthesis throughout the body.

Beta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid that increases muscle carnosine levels, enhancing buffering capacity during high-intensity exercise. It is primarily used by athletes and fitness enthusiasts to improve performance in activities lasting 1-4 minutes, such as sprinting and weightlifting.

Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in the nitric oxide pathway, promoting vasodilation and improved blood flow. It is particularly valued for enhancing exercise performance, supporting cardiovascular health, and improving endurance capacity.

HMB (β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate) is a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine that supports muscle protein synthesis and recovery. It is primarily used by athletes and older adults to preserve lean muscle mass and reduce exercise-induced muscle breakdown.

Branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are essential amino acids that play a key role in muscle protein synthesis and energy metabolism. They are commonly supplemented by athletes and fitness enthusiasts to support muscle growth, reduce fatigue, and aid recovery during intense training.

Saw Palmetto is a palm tree extract traditionally used to support prostate health and urinary function, particularly in men experiencing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The supplement contains fatty acids and phytosterols that may help inhibit 5-alpha reductase, an enzyme involved in testosterone metabolism.

Ginkgo Biloba is a traditional herbal extract derived from the leaves of the ancient ginkgo tree, used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. It contains flavonoids and terpenoids believed to support cognitive function and circulation. Evidence suggests moderate benefits for memory and mental clarity, particularly in older adults.

Valerian root is a herbal supplement derived from the Valeriana officinalis plant, traditionally used to promote relaxation and sleep quality. It contains compounds including valerenic acid and volatile oils that may interact with GABA receptors in the brain.

Echinacea is a flowering plant native to North America traditionally used to support immune function and reduce the duration of cold symptoms. Modern research shows modest evidence for its effectiveness, particularly when taken at the onset of illness.

Garlic extract is a concentrated form of garlic (Allium sativum) containing bioactive compounds such as allicin, ajoene, and S-allyl cysteine. It is traditionally used to support cardiovascular health, immune function, and antioxidant defence. The supplement provides many of garlic's beneficial properties in a convenient form without the strong odour of fresh garlic.

Ginger extract is a concentrated form of ginger root containing bioactive compounds like gingerols and shogaols. It has been traditionally used for digestive support and inflammation management, with growing scientific evidence supporting its efficacy.

Green tea extract is a concentrated source of polyphenols, particularly catechins and EGCG, derived from unoxidised tea leaves. It provides the bioactive compounds of green tea in a convenient supplement form with standardised levels of beneficial constituents.

Milk thistle is a flowering plant traditionally used to support liver health and detoxification. The active compound silymarin has been studied for its potential hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties.

Bacopa monnieri, also known as Brahmi, is a traditional Ayurvedic herb used for cognitive enhancement and mental clarity. Clinical research supports its use for improving memory retention, learning capacity, and reducing anxiety with consistent supplementation over 8-12 weeks.

Alpha-GPC (L-Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine) is a naturally occurring choline compound that crosses the blood-brain barrier to support acetylcholine production and cognitive function. It is commonly used to enhance memory, focus, and mental clarity whilst supporting brain health and neuroplasticity.

Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid compound found in cell membranes that plays a crucial role in cognitive function and stress response. It is particularly concentrated in brain tissue and has been studied for its potential to support memory, focus, and emotional wellbeing.

Astragalus is a traditional Chinese herb used for centuries to support immune function and overall vitality. Rich in polysaccharides and saponins, it is believed to enhance the body's natural defence mechanisms and promote stress resilience. Modern research suggests potential benefits for energy, longevity, and immune health.

Cordyceps is a fungus traditionally used in Chinese medicine to support energy and endurance. Modern research suggests it may enhance ATP production and oxygen utilisation, potentially improving athletic performance and reducing fatigue.

Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) is a polypore fungus traditionally used in Asian medicine for over 2,000 years to promote relaxation and immune support. Contains bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, triterpenes, and peptidoglycans that may modulate stress response and sleep quality.

Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor) is a medicinal mushroom rich in polysaccharides, particularly beta-glucans and polysaccharide-K (PSK), which support immune function and gut health. Traditionally used in Asian medicine for centuries, it has gained recognition in Western herbalism for its potential prebiotic properties and immunomodulatory effects.

Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycles. It is widely used as a supplement to improve sleep quality, reduce jet lag, and support natural sleep onset. Evidence suggests it is most effective for specific sleep disorders and circadian rhythm disruptions.

5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) is an amino acid precursor to serotonin, derived from the seeds of Griffonia simplicifolia. It is commonly used as a supplement to support mood, sleep quality, and appetite regulation by increasing serotonin levels in the brain.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that promotes relaxation and reduces nervous system excitability. It is naturally produced in the brain but is also available as a supplement, though blood-brain barrier penetration remains limited.

Passionflower is a traditional herbal remedy derived from the Passiflora plant, traditionally used to promote relaxation and support sleep quality. It contains alkaloids and flavonoids that may help reduce anxiety and nervous tension, making it a popular choice for natural stress management.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a perennial herb from the mint family traditionally used to promote relaxation and cognitive function. It contains rosmarinic acid and other polyphenols that may support mood, stress relief, and mild digestive comfort.

Krill oil is a marine supplement derived from Antarctic krill, small crustaceans rich in omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA. It contains astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant, and phospholipid-bound omega-3s which may enhance absorption compared to fish oil. Commonly used to support cardiovascular health, joint function, and cognitive performance.

Flaxseed oil is derived from the seeds of the flax plant and is a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid. It has been traditionally used to support cardiovascular health, joint function, and skin health. The oil is commonly used as a dietary supplement to increase omega-3 intake, particularly for those following plant-based diets.

Evening primrose oil is derived from the seeds of the evening primrose plant and contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. It has been traditionally used to support hormonal balance, skin health, and inflammatory conditions.

Colostrum is the nutrient-dense fluid secreted by mammals immediately after birth, rich in immunoglobulins, growth factors, and antimicrobial compounds. It supports immune function, gut health, and may enhance athletic performance and recovery. Commonly sourced from bovine colostrum for supplementation.

Digestive enzymes are proteins that break down food into absorbable nutrients, supporting optimal digestion and nutrient bioavailability. They contain protease, amylase, and lipase to help process proteins, carbohydrates, and fats respectively. These supplements may improve digestive comfort and nutrient absorption, particularly for those with enzyme insufficiency.

Psyllium husk is a soluble fibre derived from the seeds of Plantago ovata, commonly used to support digestive health and regularity. It absorbs water in the digestive tract to form a viscous gel that promotes bowel movements and may help maintain healthy cholesterol and blood sugar levels.

Activated charcoal is a porous form of carbon that binds to toxins and gases in the digestive tract. Commonly used for acute poisoning and overdose treatment, it has gained popularity as a general detoxification supplement. Evidence for uses beyond medical emergencies remains limited.

Apple cider vinegar is a fermented product made from apples containing acetic acid and various compounds. Traditionally used for digestive support and blood sugar management, it has modest scientific evidence for some health claims. Commonly consumed as a dietary supplement and cooking ingredient.

Turmeric is a golden spice containing curcumin, a potent polyphenol with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It has been used in traditional medicine for centuries and is increasingly studied for its potential health benefits. Curcumin's bioavailability is enhanced significantly when combined with black pepper (piperine).

Cinnamon extract is derived from the bark of Cinnamomum species and contains bioactive compounds including cinnamaldehyde and polyphenols. Traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine, it is commonly taken as a dietary supplement for metabolic support and antioxidant properties.

Fenugreek is a legume native to South Asia traditionally used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine. It contains bioactive compounds including saponins and flavonoids that may support blood sugar regulation, lactation, and hormone balance.

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is a Southeast Asian herb traditionally used to support testosterone levels and male fertility. Modern research suggests it may enhance physical performance, muscle strength, and stress resilience in both men and women.

Vitamin B5 is an essential water-soluble vitamin crucial for energy metabolism and the synthesis of coenzyme A, which is involved in hundreds of enzymatic reactions. It plays a vital role in hormone and cholesterol production, making it fundamental for overall metabolic health. B5 deficiency is rare in developed countries due to its widespread presence in foods.

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin essential for energy metabolism and the health of hair, skin, and nails. It functions as a coenzyme in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in developed countries but supplementation may benefit those with brittle nails or hair loss.

Turmeric is a golden spice derived from Curcuma longa containing curcumin, its primary active compound with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years and is increasingly supported by modern clinical research for various health applications.

Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid pigment found in algae and seafood with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and the blood-retinal barrier, making it uniquely effective for protecting neural and ocular tissues. Research suggests benefits for cardiovascular health, exercise recovery, and age-related cognitive decline.

Lutein is a carotenoid antioxidant found naturally in leafy greens that accumulates in the macula of the eye, providing protection against age-related macular degeneration and oxidative stress. It works synergistically with zeaxanthin to filter harmful blue light and reduce glare sensitivity. Clinical evidence supports its role in maintaining eye health and visual function, particularly in older adults.

Pine bark extract, derived primarily from maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), is rich in proanthocyanidins and flavonoids with potent antioxidant properties. It has been traditionally used to support cardiovascular health, circulation, and inflammatory responses. Research suggests potential benefits for endothelial function and vascular integrity.

Grape seed extract is derived from the seeds of wine grapes and contains powerful polyphenolic compounds, particularly proanthocyanidins. It is widely studied for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that support cardiovascular health and vascular function.

Oregano oil is a concentrated extract from the oregano plant (Origanum vulgare) containing potent compounds like carvacrol and thymol with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. It has been traditionally used for respiratory support, digestive health, and immune function. Modern research supports several traditional applications, though clinical evidence in humans remains limited.

Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme derived from pineapple stems that aids protein digestion and reduces inflammation. It has been traditionally used to support digestive health, wound healing, and post-surgical recovery. Evidence suggests moderate efficacy for specific applications, though results are mixed across studies.

Slippery elm is a traditional herbal remedy derived from the inner bark of the Ulmus rubra tree, traditionally used to soothe and protect mucous membranes throughout the digestive tract. It contains mucilage, a gel-like substance that coats the throat and gastrointestinal tract, making it popular for respiratory and digestive support.

DGL (deglycyrrhizinated licorice) is a modified form of licorice root with the glycyrrhizin compound removed to reduce side effects whilst retaining beneficial compounds. It has been traditionally used and studied for supporting digestive health, particularly gastric and intestinal comfort. DGL is popular amongst those seeking natural digestive support.

Artichoke extract, derived from Cynara cardunculus, is a herbal supplement rich in polyphenols and inulin that supports liver function and digestive health. It has been traditionally used in Mediterranean medicine and is supported by scientific evidence for hepatoprotective and choleretic properties.

Nettle root extract is traditionally used to support prostate health and urinary function in men, with growing scientific evidence supporting its efficacy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms. Rich in polysaccharides, lignans, and phenolic compounds, it works through multiple mechanisms to reduce urinary frequency and improve flow. Often used as a complementary approach to conventional BPH treatments.

Vitex agnus-castus, commonly known as chasteberry, is a traditional herbal remedy primarily used to support hormonal balance in women, particularly for premenstrual syndrome and menstrual irregularities. The herb works by influencing dopamine and luteinising hormone levels, making it relevant for reproductive health and cyclical symptoms.

Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) is a traditional Ayurvedic herb used primarily for female reproductive health and hormonal balance. It contains saponins and alkaloids that may support hormonal regulation and have mild adaptogenic properties.

Damiana is a traditional herbal remedy native to Mexico and Central America, historically used to enhance libido and sexual function. Modern research provides limited but promising evidence for its aphrodisiac properties and potential mood-supporting benefits.

Schisandra chinensis is a traditional Asian berry adaptogen used to enhance stress resilience, mental clarity, and physical endurance. Rich in lignans, it supports liver function and may improve overall vitality through multiple physiological pathways.

Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum), also known as Tulsi, is an adaptogenic herb traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine to reduce stress and promote mental clarity. Research suggests it may help regulate cortisol levels and support cognitive function whilst maintaining overall wellness.

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) is a traditional medicinal plant used in Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicine for cognitive and circulatory support. It contains bioactive compounds including asiaticoside and madecassoside that may enhance mental clarity and promote skin health.

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical plant containing L-DOPA, a precursor to dopamine that supports mood, motivation, and cognitive function. Traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine, it has gained popularity as a natural alternative for supporting neurotransmitter balance and physical performance.

Chaga is a medicinal fungus (Inonotus obliquus) that grows on birch trees, traditionally used in Siberian and Eastern European folk medicine. Rich in polysaccharides, beta-glucans, and antioxidants, it is marketed for immune support and general wellness. Research on human clinical outcomes remains limited, though laboratory studies show promising bioactive compounds.

Tremella mesenterica, also known as snow fungus or white jelly fungus, is a medicinal mushroom traditionally used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for immune support and skin health. Rich in polysaccharides and beta-glucans, it has been studied for potential immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. Modern research is limited but suggests potential benefits for skin hydration and immune function.

Maitake (Grifola frondosa) is a medicinal mushroom rich in beta-glucans and polysaccharides that support immune function. Traditionally used in Asian medicine for centuries, modern research suggests it may enhance natural killer cell activity and overall immune response.

Shilajit is a mineral-rich resinous substance from the Himalayas containing fulvic acid and over 80 minerals. Traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine, it is reputed to enhance energy, cognitive function, and overall vitality. Modern research supports several benefits including improved mitochondrial function and mineral bioavailability.

Fulvic acid is an organic compound derived from decomposed plant matter and soil that acts as a natural chelator and nutrient transporter. It is claimed to enhance mineral absorption, support gut health, and provide antioxidant benefits, though human clinical evidence remains limited.

Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants responsible for photosynthesis, often extracted and concentrated in supplements for purported health benefits. While used traditionally for detoxification and wound healing, scientific evidence supporting most claims remains limited and inconsistent.

Wheat grass is a nutrient-dense green juice derived from the sprouted wheat plant, containing chlorophyll, enzymes, and various vitamins and minerals. Despite popular claims about its detoxification properties, scientific evidence for most benefits remains limited and largely anecdotal.

Moringa oleifera is a nutrient-dense plant native to South Asia, containing significant amounts of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It has been used traditionally in Ayurvedic medicine and is increasingly studied for its anti-inflammatory and potential health-supporting properties.

Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found throughout the body that plays a crucial role in skin hydration, joint lubrication, and tissue repair. Supplementation aims to support skin moisture retention, joint health, and connective tissue function. It works by binding water molecules and maintaining structural integrity in tissues.

Chondroitin is a naturally occurring compound found in cartilage that helps maintain joint structure and may reduce cartilage breakdown. It is commonly used to support joint health and mobility, particularly in individuals with osteoarthritis. Evidence for its effectiveness is mixed, with some studies showing modest benefits whilst others show minimal difference from placebo.

Marine collagen is a protein derived from fish skin and scales, composed primarily of type I collagen which supports skin, joint, and connective tissue health. It offers superior bioavailability compared to terrestrial collagen due to smaller peptide chains that are more readily absorbed by the body.

Sea kelp is a nutrient-dense brown seaweed rich in iodine, minerals, and polysaccharides that supports thyroid function and metabolic health. It provides a natural source of trace elements including potassium, calcium, and magnesium whilst containing bioactive compounds like fucoidan and alginic acid.

Irish sea moss (Chondrus crispus) is a nutrient-dense red algae rich in minerals, iodine, and polysaccharides traditionally used in Irish cuisine. It is marketed as a thyroid support and immune-boosting supplement, though human clinical evidence remains limited. The supplement provides bioavailable minerals but requires more rigorous research to substantiate many popular health claims.

Bladderwrack is a brown seaweed rich in iodine, minerals, and polysaccharides traditionally used to support thyroid function and metabolic health. It contains bioactive compounds including fucoxanthin and fucoidan which may offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Evidence for its efficacy remains limited, with most traditional uses requiring further scientific validation.

Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) is an acetylated form of the amino acid L-carnitine that crosses the blood-brain barrier more effectively than standard L-carnitine. It plays a crucial role in mitochondrial energy production and cognitive function. This supplement is particularly valued for its neuroprotective and nootropic properties.

D-Ribose is a five-carbon sugar that plays a crucial role in ATP synthesis and energy production within cells. It is primarily used as a supplement to support heart health, muscle recovery, and conditions affecting cellular energy metabolism.

SAMe (S-adenosyl methionine) is a naturally occurring compound derived from the amino acid methionine that plays a crucial role in methylation reactions throughout the body. It has been extensively researched for its potential to support mood, joint health, and liver function.

PQQ is a redox cofactor found in trace amounts in foods that supports mitochondrial function and cellular energy production. Early research suggests potential cognitive and antioxidant benefits, though human studies remain limited. It is often used as a complement to CoQ10 for enhanced cellular health.

R-Alpha Lipoic Acid is the biologically active form of alpha-lipoic acid, a powerful antioxidant that supports mitochondrial function and metabolic health. It plays a crucial role in energy production and helps protect cells from oxidative damage. This form is more potent than the standard racemic mixture, offering enhanced bioavailability and efficacy.

Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid antioxidant naturally found in the macula of the eye, where it protects against age-related macular degeneration and oxidative damage. It works synergistically with lutein to filter harmful blue light and maintain visual health throughout ageing.

Lycopene is a carotenoid pigment found primarily in tomatoes and red fruits, known for its potent antioxidant properties. It accumulates in tissues and may support cardiovascular health, prostate function, and skin protection against UV damage.

Beta-carotene is a fat-soluble carotenoid that the body converts to vitamin A as needed. It functions as a potent antioxidant and supports eye health, immune function, and skin protection.

Olive leaf extract is derived from the leaves of the olive tree and contains the polyphenol oleuropein, which possesses antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. It has been traditionally used in Mediterranean cultures and is now studied for its potential cardiovascular, immune-supporting, and anti-inflammatory benefits.

Papain is a proteolytic enzyme extracted from the papaya fruit that breaks down proteins and supports digestive health. It has been traditionally used to aid digestion and reduce inflammation, though clinical evidence remains limited.

Betaine HCl is a compound derived from the amino acid betaine, combined with hydrochloric acid to support digestive function and stomach acid levels. It is primarily used to enhance protein digestion and nutrient absorption in individuals with low stomach acid. The supplement may also support liver function and methylation processes in the body.

Ox bile is a digestive supplement derived from bovine bile that aids fat digestion and nutrient absorption. It contains bile salts that emulsify dietary fats, making it particularly useful for individuals with compromised bile production or those who have had their gallbladder removed. Often used in traditional and functional medicine to support digestive health.

Marshmallow root is a traditional herbal remedy derived from Althaea officinalis, primarily used to soothe mucous membranes throughout the digestive and respiratory systems. It contains mucilage compounds that form a protective coating, historically employed in folk medicine for cough relief and digestive comfort.

Aloe vera is a succulent plant traditionally used in herbal medicine for digestive and skin health support. The gel contains polysaccharides, anthraquinones, and other compounds that may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is commonly consumed as a juice or applied topically, though internal use requires caution.

Dandelion root is a traditional herbal remedy used primarily for digestive and liver support. It contains inulin and various bioactive compounds that may promote bile production and overall gastrointestinal health.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is a legume rich in isoflavones, plant compounds with oestrogenic properties. Traditionally used in herbal medicine, particularly for menopausal symptom relief and bone health support.

Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis) is a traditional Chinese herb commonly used to support women's hormonal balance and menstrual health. It contains compounds including decursinol and ferulic acid that may influence oestrogen metabolism and blood flow. However, evidence in Western clinical settings remains limited.

Black cohosh is a traditional herbal supplement derived from the root of Cimicifuga racemosa, native to North America. It has been used for centuries to support women's health, particularly during menopause and hormonal transitions. Evidence for its efficacy is mixed, with some studies showing modest benefits for hot flushes.

Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) is a traditional herbal remedy historically used to support hormonal balance and digestive health. It contains diosgenin, a compound that has been studied for potential phytoestrogen activity, though evidence for clinical efficacy remains mixed.

Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) is a traditional Chinese herb traditionally used to support sexual function and libido in both men and women. The herb contains icariin, a compound that may work similarly to PDE5 inhibitors by improving blood flow. Evidence for efficacy remains limited, with most research being preliminary or of modest quality.

Pine pollen is a natural supplement derived from pine tree pollen, traditionally used in traditional Chinese medicine to support hormonal balance and vitality. It contains phytoandrogens, amino acids, minerals, and antioxidants that may offer general wellness benefits.

Cistanche is a parasitic plant used in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily valued for its potential to support sexual function and energy levels. Modern research suggests it may enhance testosterone production and improve exercise performance, though human studies remain limited.

He Shou Wu, also known as Fo-Ti or Polygonum multiflorum, is a traditional Chinese herb traditionally used to support hair health and longevity. The root contains compounds believed to support circulation and antioxidant activity. Modern research is limited but ongoing regarding its efficacy and safety profile.

Schisandra chinensis is a traditional Chinese berry adaptogen used for centuries to promote mental clarity and stress resilience. It contains lignans that support the nervous system and may enhance physical and cognitive performance during periods of fatigue or stress.

Phenylethylamine is an endogenous trace amine that functions as a neuromodulator, promoting dopamine and noradrenaline release in the brain. Often called the 'love chemical', it may enhance mood, motivation, and mental focus. However, it is rapidly metabolised by monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes, limiting its bioavailability and effectiveness as an oral supplement.

CDP-choline (cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine) is a naturally occurring compound that serves as a precursor to both acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine, supporting cognitive function and neuronal membrane integrity. It crosses the blood-brain barrier efficiently and has demonstrated benefits for memory, attention, and brain health in clinical research.

Uridine is a nucleoside and pyrimidine precursor that supports cognitive function and membrane synthesis. It is often used as a nootropic to enhance learning, memory, and neuronal health, particularly when combined with choline and omega-3 fatty acids.

Chaga is a parasitic fungus that grows on birch trees, traditionally used in Siberian and Russian medicine for centuries. Rich in bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, melanin, and betulinic acid, it is believed to support immune function and reduce oxidative stress.

Agaricus blazei, also known as Brazilian sun mushroom, is a medicinal fungus traditionally used in Japanese and Brazilian folk medicine for immune support. Rich in polysaccharides and beta-glucans, it has been studied for potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.

Tremella mesenterica, commonly known as snow fungus, is a gelatinous mushroom traditionally used in Chinese medicine for skin health and immune support. Rich in polysaccharides and beta-glucans, it is valued for its potential antioxidant and moisturising properties. Modern research is still emerging on its efficacy in humans.

Shiitake is an edible mushroom rich in bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, beta-glucans, and lentinan. It has been used in traditional medicine for centuries and is studied for immune support and potential anti-inflammatory properties.

Maitake (Grifola frondosa) is a medicinal mushroom traditionally used in Asian medicine to support immune function and overall wellness. Rich in beta-glucans and polysaccharides, it has been studied for its potential immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties.

Enoki extract is derived from Flammulina velutipes mushrooms, traditionally used in Asian medicine for immune and digestive support. The extract contains bioactive compounds including polysaccharides and beta-glucans that may support immune function and overall wellness.

Poria cocos is a medicinal fungus traditionally used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2,000 years, valued for its potential immune-supporting and stress-reducing properties. It contains bioactive compounds including polysaccharides and triterpenes that may promote digestive health and cognitive function.

Humic acid is an organic compound derived from humus found in soil and sediment, proposed to enhance nutrient absorption and support cellular health. It functions as a natural chelating agent and bioavailability enhancer, though human research remains limited. Traditional use in some cultures contrasts with modest scientific evidence for specific health claims.

Wheatgrass powder is a nutrient-dense supplement derived from young wheat plant leaves, containing chlorophyll, vitamins, and minerals. While traditionally promoted for detoxification and energy, scientific evidence for most claimed benefits remains limited. It may provide some nutritional value as a whole-food supplement.

Barley grass is the young green shoot of the barley plant, harvested before the grain develops, and is rich in chlorophyll, enzymes, and micronutrients. Traditionally used in natural medicine and popular in juice form, it is claimed to support detoxification and general wellness. Scientific evidence for most health claims remains limited and mixed.

Moringa oleifera is a nutrient-dense plant native to South Asia, containing significant amounts of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine, it is increasingly studied for its anti-inflammatory and nutritional support properties.

Neem leaf is a traditional Ayurvedic herb derived from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) native to India, known for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine to support immune function, skin health, and oral hygiene.

Spirulina is a nutrient-dense blue-green algae rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals. It provides comprehensive nutritional support and has been used traditionally for centuries across various cultures. Modern research supports its use as a whole-food supplement for general wellness.

Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF) is a concentrated extract derived from the nuclei of chlorella algae, containing nucleic acids, peptides, and polysaccharides. It is purported to support cellular regeneration and immune function, though human clinical evidence remains limited.

Chondroitin sulfate is a naturally occurring compound found in cartilage that is commonly used to support joint health and mobility. It is often combined with glucosamine and is particularly popular for managing osteoarthritis and maintaining cartilage integrity.

Type II collagen is a structural protein that comprises approximately 90% of cartilage and is essential for joint health and mobility. It is commonly derived from chicken cartilage or synthesised through hydrolysis to improve bioavailability and absorption.

Marine collagen peptides are hydrolysed collagen derived from fish skin and scales, providing bioavailable amino acids including glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. These peptides support skin elasticity, joint health, and connective tissue integrity through their specific amino acid profile.

Bone broth protein is a whole food-derived protein source derived from simmered animal bones and connective tissues, providing collagen, amino acids, and minerals. It offers a bioavailable alternative to synthetic protein powders with potential benefits for joint and gut health. The nutritional profile varies significantly depending on source quality and processing methods.

Keratin is a structural protein that forms the primary component of hair, skin, and nails. Supplemental keratin aims to support the health and appearance of these tissues, though bioavailability remains a key limitation.

Dulse is a nutrient-dense red seaweed rich in iodine, potassium, and trace minerals that supports thyroid function and overall mineral balance. It is traditionally consumed as a whole food supplement and is valued for its mineral bioavailability and potential health-promoting compounds.

Wakame is an edible brown seaweed rich in minerals, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds traditionally used in Asian cuisines. It provides iodine, calcium, and fucoidan, which may support thyroid function and immune health. Generally recognised as safe for dietary consumption with minimal side effects.

Black walnut hull is the outer covering of black walnuts, traditionally used in herbal medicine for its antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties. Rich in juglone and tannins, it has been employed historically to support digestive health and address parasitic concerns. Modern research remains limited but suggests potential benefits for gut health and immune support.

Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) is a bitter herb traditionally used in herbal medicine for digestive support and parasitic cleansing. Modern research suggests potential benefits for gastrointestinal health, though safety concerns limit long-term use.

Clove extract is derived from the dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum and contains eugenol as its primary active compound. It has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine for digestive support and oral health. Modern research suggests potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Diatomaceous earth is a naturally occurring silica-rich powder derived from fossilised diatoms, commonly used as a dietary supplement despite limited clinical evidence. Most health claims lack robust scientific support, though it contains trace minerals and has been traditionally used for various wellness purposes.

Bentonite clay is a naturally occurring aluminium silicate mineral commonly used for detoxification and digestive support. It is believed to bind to toxins and heavy metals in the gastrointestinal tract, though scientific evidence remains limited. Popular in traditional medicine and wellness practices, though internal use remains controversial.

Fenugreek is a legume native to South Asia traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Arabic medicine to support metabolic health and lactation. Rich in saponins, alkaloids, and soluble fibre, it has been studied for its potential effects on blood sugar regulation and hormone balance. Evidence supports some benefits, though results are often modest and more research is needed.

Black cumin seed oil, derived from Nigella sativa, is a traditional remedy with a growing body of scientific evidence supporting its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Rich in thymoquinone and other bioactive compounds, it has been used for centuries in traditional medicine across Middle Eastern and Asian cultures.

Borage oil is derived from the seeds of the borage plant and is rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. It is traditionally used to support joint health, reduce inflammation, and promote skin health.

Wheat germ oil is a nutrient-dense oil extracted from the germ of wheat kernels, rich in vitamin E, B vitamins, and essential fatty acids. It has been traditionally used to support cardiovascular health, immune function, and skin health due to its potent antioxidant profile.

Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that forms a crucial component of cell membranes and serves as a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It supports cognitive function, liver health, and cellular integrity throughout the body. This compound is found naturally in foods like eggs and soy, making it an accessible supplement for those seeking cognitive and hepatic support.

Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid naturally found in cell membranes, particularly abundant in the brain, that supports cognitive function and stress resilience. This complex typically combines phosphatidylserine with complementary ingredients to enhance neuroprotection and mental performance. It has been studied for its potential to support memory, focus, and emotional wellbeing.

Lecithin is a phospholipid compound found naturally in many foods and synthesised by the body, playing a crucial role in cell membrane structure and function. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement to support cognitive function, liver health, and cardiovascular wellbeing. Lecithin is generally well-tolerated and recognised as safe by regulatory authorities.

Inositol is a naturally occurring carbohydrate compound found in cell membranes, playing a crucial role in cellular signalling and insulin sensitivity. It is particularly effective for managing PCOS and metabolic health, with growing evidence supporting its cognitive and mood-related benefits.

TMG is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative that serves as a methyl donor in cellular methylation processes, supporting cardiovascular health and homocysteine metabolism. It is found in small quantities in foods like beetroot, spinach, and whole grains, and is commonly used as a dietary supplement to optimise methylation pathways.

Nattokinase is a serine protease enzyme derived from natto, a traditional Japanese fermented soybean food. It has been studied for its potential fibrinolytic properties and cardiovascular support benefits.

Serrapeptase is a proteolytic enzyme derived from silkworm intestines that breaks down non-living tissue and fibrin. It is traditionally used in Asian medicine to reduce inflammation and support tissue healing, though clinical evidence in humans remains limited.

Lumbrokinase is a fibrinolytic enzyme derived from earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) that breaks down fibrin and supports circulatory health. It is traditionally used in Asian medicine to improve blood flow and reduce clot formation. Research on its efficacy in Western medicine remains limited and ongoing.

Berberine HCl is a naturally occurring alkaloid extracted from various plants, known for its potent metabolic and cardiovascular support properties. This form offers superior bioavailability compared to standard berberine, making it an effective choice for blood sugar regulation and lipid management.

Gymnema Sylvestre is a woody climbing plant native to India traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for blood sugar support. The active compounds, particularly gymnemic acids, have been studied for their potential to moderate glucose absorption and support healthy blood sugar levels. It has gained popularity as a complementary supplement for metabolic health.

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is a tropical fruit used in traditional medicine with compounds that may support blood sugar regulation. Research suggests potential benefits for glucose metabolism, though clinical evidence remains mixed and more studies are needed.

Banaba leaf (Lagerstroemia speciosa) is a traditional Ayurvedic and Southeast Asian herb known for its corosolic acid content, which may support blood sugar regulation. It has been studied for potential glucose management and metabolic health benefits, though evidence remains moderately strong.

Chromium picolinate is a bioavailable form of chromium that plays a role in glucose metabolism and insulin signalling. It is commonly used to support blood sugar regulation and may help reduce cravings for carbohydrates and sweets.

Vanadium is a trace mineral that plays a role in bone metabolism and insulin sensitivity, though human requirements remain unclear. Evidence for supplementation benefits in healthy individuals is limited, with most research conducted in animal models or diabetic populations.

Strontium is a trace mineral structurally similar to calcium that accumulates in bone tissue. It has been studied primarily for its potential to support bone density and reduce fracture risk, particularly in postmenopausal women. Limited clinical evidence supports its efficacy compared to established osteoporosis treatments.

Lithium orotate is a mineral supplement combining lithium with orotic acid, purported to support mood regulation and cognitive function. It is used as a milder alternative to pharmaceutical lithium carbonate, though evidence for efficacy at lower doses remains limited.

Vitamin K2 MK-4 is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for bone mineralisation, cardiovascular health, and protein activation. It works synergistically with vitamin D and calcium to support skeletal integrity and arterial flexibility. MK-4 is the primary form of K2 found in animal-derived foods and is readily utilised by the body.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage and supports immune function. Mixed tocopherols provide a broader spectrum of activity than alpha-tocopherol alone, with alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variants working synergistically. It plays crucial roles in neurological health, cardiovascular protection, and maintaining healthy skin.

A group of eight essential water-soluble vitamins that work synergistically to support energy metabolism, nervous system function, and cellular health. B complex supplements typically contain thiamine (B1), riboflavine (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12).

A comprehensive micronutrient formulation specifically designed to support maternal health and foetal development during pregnancy and lactation. Prenatal multivitamins contain essential vitamins and minerals in adjusted ratios to meet the increased nutritional demands of pregnancy.

Electrolyte powder is a formulated blend of essential minerals including sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, designed to replenish fluids and maintain proper hydration and cellular function. Commonly used by athletes and during intense physical activity or heat exposure.

Whey Protein Isolate is a highly refined form of whey protein containing 90%+ protein with minimal lactose and fat. It is rapidly absorbed and provides a complete amino acid profile, making it ideal for muscle recovery and strength development.

Casein is a slow-digesting milk protein that forms a gel in the stomach, providing sustained amino acid release over several hours. Commonly used for muscle recovery and maintenance, particularly beneficial as a nighttime supplement.

Plant-based protein derived from yellow peas, offering a complete amino acid profile with high bioavailability. Suitable for vegans, vegetarians, and those with dairy sensitivities.

Hemp protein is a plant-based protein powder derived from hemp seeds, containing all nine essential amino acids, healthy fats, and fibre. It serves as a complete protein source suitable for vegetarians, vegans, and those seeking alternative protein options.

Essential amino acids are nine protein building blocks that the human body cannot synthesise and must obtain through diet or supplementation. EAA supplements provide all nine amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine) in concentrated form, supporting muscle protein synthesis, recovery, and overall metabolic function.

A tripeptide antioxidant (glutamic acid, cysteine, glycine) produced endogenously and crucial for cellular defence. Oral bioavailability is limited due to gastrointestinal degradation, making absorption forms and delivery methods significant considerations.

N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is a stable, acetylated form of the amino acid L-cysteine. It serves as a precursor to glutathione, one of the body's most potent antioxidants, and supports respiratory health, detoxification, and immune function.

D-Aspartic acid is a non-proteinogenic amino acid proposed to influence testosterone and luteinising hormone levels, though clinical evidence remains mixed and inconsistent.

ZMA is a combination supplement containing zinc monomethionine aspartate, magnesium aspartate, and vitamin B6. Originally marketed for athletic performance and testosterone support, it is primarily used to address micronutrient deficiencies in individuals with inadequate dietary intake.

Turkesterone is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid found primarily in plants like Ajuga turkestanica. It is purported to support muscle growth, strength, and athletic performance through anabolic mechanisms, though human research remains limited compared to animal studies.

Ecdysterone is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid compound found in plants such as spinach, quinoa, and Cyanotis vaga. It functions as an adaptogen and anabolic agent, promoting muscle protein synthesis and physical performance without hormonal side effects associated with anabolic steroids.

Tribulus Terrestris is a flowering plant traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. It contains saponins and is commonly marketed for sexual function, athletic performance, and hormonal support, though scientific evidence remains limited and mixed.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a legume native to South Asia traditionally used in Ayurvedic and traditional medicine. The extract concentrates active compounds including saponins, flavonoids, and 4-hydroxyisoleucine, with applications in blood sugar regulation and hormonal support.

Saw palmetto is a herbal supplement derived from the berries of Serenoa repens, traditionally used to support prostate health and urinary function in men. Evidence suggests moderate efficacy for benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms, though clinical results remain mixed.

Pygeum africanum is a traditional African herbal extract derived from the bark of the African plum tree, commonly used to support prostate health and urinary function in men.

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) is a nutrient-dense herb traditionally used to support joint health, prostate function, and inflammatory response. Rich in minerals and phytochemicals, it has been employed in herbal medicine for centuries across Europe and Asia.

Cranberry extract is derived from the fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon and is rich in proanthocyanidins (PACs) and polyphenols. Traditionally used to support urinary tract health, it has become one of the most studied botanical remedies for urinary tract infection prevention, though evidence remains mixed.

Elderberry syrup is a concentrated extract derived from Sambucus nigra berries, traditionally used in herbal medicine to support immune function and respiratory health. Popular as a natural remedy during cold and flu seasons, though clinical evidence remains limited.

Echinacea purpurea is a flowering plant native to North America traditionally used to support immune function and reduce the duration and severity of upper respiratory infections. Scientific evidence for its efficacy is mixed, with some studies showing modest benefits whilst others demonstrate minimal effect.

Andrographis paniculata, commonly known as King of Bitters, is a traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese herbal remedy known for its bitter compounds, particularly andrographolides. It has been used historically for immune support and respiratory health, with emerging scientific interest in its potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.

Olive leaf extract is derived from the leaves of the olive tree and contains polyphenols, particularly oleuropein, which is responsible for many of its bioactive properties. Traditionally used in Mediterranean folk medicine, it is commonly used to support immune function and cardiovascular health.

Cat's Claw (Uncaria tomentosa) is a woody vine from the Amazon rainforest traditionally used in Peruvian folk medicine. Named for its claw-shaped thorns, it contains alkaloids and polyphenols that may support immune function and joint health, though clinical evidence remains limited.

Pau D'Arco is a herbal supplement derived from the inner bark of the Tabebuia tree native to South America. It contains lapachol and beta-lapachone, compounds traditionally used for immune support and antimicrobial properties. Scientific evidence supporting its efficacy remains limited.

Black garlic is aged garlic that has undergone a fermentation process, resulting in a dark colour and sweeter taste than raw garlic. It contains enhanced levels of bioactive compounds including S-allylcysteine and polyphenols, with traditional use in Asian medicine and emerging Western research into potential health benefits.

Aged garlic extract (AGE) is a concentrated form of garlic that has been fermented for extended periods, enhancing its bioactive compounds and reducing the harsh odour associated with fresh garlic. Rich in sulphur-containing compounds and antioxidants, it is widely used for cardiovascular and immune support.

Allicin is a sulphur-containing compound derived from garlic (Allium sativum) that forms when garlic cloves are crushed or chopped. It is responsible for garlic's characteristic pungent odour and many of its purported health benefits. Allicin is unstable and degrades rapidly, making bioavailability and standardisation challenging in supplement form.

Monolaurin is a monoglyceride derived from coconut oil containing lauric acid. It is studied for its potential antimicrobial and immune-supporting properties, though human clinical evidence remains limited.

Caprylic acid is a medium-chain fatty acid (MCT) derived from coconut oil and palm oil. It is proposed to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, commonly used to support gut health and manage candida overgrowth, though clinical evidence remains limited.

Medium-chain triglyceride oil derived from coconut or palm oil, metabolised rapidly for quick energy and ketone production. Commonly used in ketogenic diets and athletic performance protocols.

Conjugated linoleic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid found primarily in dairy and beef products. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement for body composition support and metabolic health, though research on its efficacy remains mixed.

DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid primarily derived from fish oil, essential for brain and eye health, with extensive clinical research supporting cognitive and cardiovascular benefits.

Algal DHA is a plant-based omega-3 fatty acid derived from microalgae, offering a vegetarian and vegan alternative to fish oil. It supports cardiovascular, cognitive, and eye health through docosahexaenoic acid supplementation.

Phospholipids are essential structural components of cell membranes that support cognitive function, neurological health, and cellular integrity. They comprise the lipid bilayer fundamental to all living cells and are particularly concentrated in the brain and nervous system.

Sunflower lecithin is a phospholipid complex derived from sunflower seeds, providing choline and inositol. It supports cognitive function, liver health, and cell membrane integrity without the allergen concerns of soy lecithin.

A marine supplement combining krill oil (rich in omega-3 phospholipids) with astaxanthin, a potent carotenoid antioxidant derived from Antarctic krill. This combination offers synergistic cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory benefits.

Glucomannan is a natural soluble dietary fibre derived from the konjac plant root. It absorbs water in the digestive tract to form a viscous compound, promoting satiety, supporting digestive health, and helping regulate blood sugar and cholesterol levels.

Acacia fibre, derived from the gum of acacia trees, is a soluble prebiotic fibre that supports digestive health and gut microbiome balance. It dissolves easily in water and is well-tolerated by most individuals.

Inulin and FOS (fructooligosaccharides) are soluble dietary fibres derived from plants that act as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut and supporting digestive health.

A probiotic yeast strain derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that supports digestive health and immune function by promoting beneficial gut flora and intestinal barrier integrity.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a beneficial probiotic bacterium that colonises the gut and supports digestive health, immune function, and intestinal barrier integrity. One of the most researched probiotic strains, it's commonly found in fermented foods and supplements.

Bifidobacterium longum is a beneficial gram-positive anaerobic bacterium naturally found in the human gut microbiome. As a probiotic supplement, it supports digestive health, immune function, and microbial balance. It is one of the most researched probiotic strains with demonstrated efficacy in clinical studies.

Soil based organisms (SBOs) are naturally occurring microorganisms derived from soil environments, marketed as probiotics to support digestive health and immune function. Scientific evidence supporting their efficacy remains limited and contested.

Spore-based probiotics are soil-derived microorganisms (primarily Bacillus species) that form protective spores, allowing them to survive stomach acid and reach the colon intact. Unlike traditional lactobacillus strains, they are shelf-stable and resilient to environmental conditions.

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotic fibres that selectively feed beneficial gut bacteria, promoting digestive health and microbiome balance without being digested in the small intestine.

Collagen Type I is the most abundant form of collagen in the human body, comprising approximately 70% of skin, tendons, ligaments, and bones. It is a structural protein composed of amino acids including glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. Supplemental collagen is typically derived from bovine, marine, or porcine sources and is marketed for skin health, joint support, and connective tissue integrity.

Collagen Type III is a fibrous protein comprising approximately 5-10% of total body collagen, primarily found in skin, blood vessels, and internal organs. It works synergistically with Type I collagen to support structural integrity and elasticity of connective tissues.

Hydrolyzed collagen, also known as collagen peptides, is a bioavailable form of collagen protein derived from animal sources. It consists of amino acids including glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which support structural proteins throughout the body.

Molybdenum is an essential trace mineral that functions as a cofactor for several important enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism, detoxification, and nucleotide synthesis. Most people obtain sufficient molybdenum from dietary sources, making supplementation unnecessary for general health. It plays a crucial role in breaking down purines and converting amino acids into usable forms.

Germanium is a trace mineral found in small amounts in foods and supplements, claimed to support immune function and oxygen utilisation. However, scientific evidence for health benefits in humans is limited, and safety concerns exist regarding certain organic germanium compounds.

Silicon is a trace mineral essential for bone health, collagen synthesis, and connective tissue integrity. It supports hair, skin, and nail quality whilst playing a role in bone mineralisation and strength. Despite its importance, dietary intake is often suboptimal in modern diets.

Rubidium is a trace mineral with limited established biological roles in humans. Research into its supplementation remains sparse, with most interest coming from theoretical cellular function studies rather than clinical evidence.

Cesium is a naturally occurring alkali metal found in trace amounts in foods and drinking water. It has been promoted in alternative medicine for various health claims, though scientific evidence supporting supplementation is limited and safety concerns exist.

L-Tyrosine is a semi-essential amino acid that serves as a precursor to important neurotransmitters including dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. It is commonly used to support cognitive function, mental focus, and stress resilience, particularly during periods of high physical or psychological demand.

L-Lysine is an essential amino acid crucial for protein synthesis, collagen formation, and immune function. It is particularly notable for its role in managing herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections and supporting bone health. The body cannot synthesise lysine, making dietary intake or supplementation necessary.

L-Histidine is a semi-essential amino acid that plays a critical role in protein synthesis, immune function, and the production of histamine. It is particularly important during periods of growth, stress, and tissue repair, and serves as a precursor to several important molecules including carnosine and anserine.

L-Methionine is a sulphur-containing essential amino acid that serves as a methyl donor and precursor to important compounds like SAM-e, creatine, and carnitine. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, antioxidant defence, and methylation reactions throughout the body. L-Methionine is primarily obtained through dietary protein sources and is often used to support joint health, detoxification, and metabolic function.

L-Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that serves as a precursor to serotonin and melatonin, making it important for mood regulation and sleep quality. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and supports overall mental wellbeing.

L-Proline is a non-essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in collagen synthesis and connective tissue formation. It is particularly important for maintaining skin elasticity, joint health, and wound healing.

L-Serine is a non-essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in nervous system function and protein synthesis. It is a precursor to phosphatidylserine and other phospholipids essential for cell membrane integrity and cognitive function.

L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that serves as a gluconeogenic substrate, helping maintain blood glucose levels during exercise and fasting. It plays a role in muscle metabolism, energy production, and immune function, making it popular among athletes and fitness enthusiasts.

L-Leucine is a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) essential for muscle protein synthesis and energy metabolism. It activates mTOR signalling pathways critical for muscle growth and recovery, particularly during resistance training and caloric restriction.

L-Isoleucine is a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) essential for protein synthesis, muscle growth, and energy metabolism. It plays a crucial role in muscle recovery, immune function, and maintaining stable blood sugar levels during exercise.

L-Valine is a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) essential for muscle protein synthesis, energy production, and tissue repair. It plays a crucial role in maintaining nitrogen balance and supporting athletic performance and recovery.

L-Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that serves as a precursor to neurotransmitters including dopamine, norepinephrine, and tyramine. It plays a crucial role in mood regulation, cognitive function, and pain perception. The body converts L-phenylalanine into L-tyrosine, which further supports mental alertness and stress resilience.

L-Threonine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, immune function, and collagen formation. It cannot be synthesised by the body and must be obtained through dietary sources or supplementation.

Carnosine is a dipeptide composed of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine, naturally found in muscle and brain tissue. It functions as an antioxidant and buffering agent, helping to reduce muscle fatigue and support cognitive function.

Ornithine is a non-essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in the urea cycle and ammonia detoxification. It is commonly used as a supplement to support muscle growth, athletic performance, and immune function.

KSM-66 is a clinically-studied ashwagandha extract standardised to 5% withanolides, the bioactive compounds responsible for its adaptogenic properties. This full-spectrum extract maintains the plant's natural ratio of alkaloids and has demonstrated efficacy in reducing stress, anxiety, and cortisol levels whilst supporting mental clarity and resilience.

Rhodiola crenulata is a high-altitude Himalayan adaptogenic herb traditionally used in Tibetan and Chinese medicine to enhance resilience and energy. It contains bioactive compounds including salidroside and rosavins that may support stress adaptation and cognitive function.

Panax ginseng, also known as Asian or Korean ginseng, is a traditional medicinal root used for centuries to enhance energy, reduce stress, and support overall vitality. It contains active compounds called ginsenosides that are believed to modulate immune function and improve physical and mental performance.

Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is an adaptogenic herb traditionally used in Russian and Chinese medicine to enhance stress resilience and energy levels. It contains eleutherosides, bioactive compounds believed to support physical endurance and mental performance during periods of fatigue or stress.

Withania Somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, is an adaptogenic herb traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine to promote stress resilience and overall wellbeing. The root contains bioactive compounds called withanolides that support cortisol regulation and mental clarity. It is widely researched for its anxiolytic and rejuvenating properties.

Centella asiatica, also known as Gotu Kola, is a traditional Asian herb used for centuries in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. It contains bioactive compounds including triterpenoids and flavonoids that support skin health, cognitive function, and circulation. Modern research supports its use for wound healing, venous insufficiency, and cognitive enhancement.

Tribulus alatus is a lesser-known species of puncture vine native to arid regions, traditionally used in some herbal medicine systems. Limited scientific evidence supports its efficacy compared to the more studied Tribulus terrestris species.

Boswellia serrata is a resin from the Boswellia sacra tree traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine. It contains boswellic acids, which may help reduce inflammation and support joint health.

Curcumin C3 Complex is a standardised extract from turmeric containing three major curcuminoids: curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. This formulation is designed to provide enhanced bioavailability and therapeutic potential compared to standard curcumin alone. It is widely used for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

BioPerine is a standardised extract of piperine derived from black pepper (Piper nigrum) that enhances the bioavailability of various nutrients and supplements. It works by increasing intestinal permeability and nutrient absorption, making it a potent bioenhancer rather than a standalone nutrient.

Andrographis paniculata, commonly known as King of Bitters, is a traditional Ayurvedic herb native to South Asia with potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. It contains bioactive compounds called andrographolides that support immune function and may reduce the severity and duration of upper respiratory infections.

Berberine sulfate is an alkaloid compound derived from various plants, traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. It's widely researched for its potential metabolic and cardiovascular benefits, acting as a natural enzyme activator.

Gymnema sylvestre, also known as the 'sugar destroyer', is a woody climbing plant native to central India traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine. The leaf extract contains gymnemic acids which may help regulate blood sugar levels and reduce cravings for sweet foods. It has been used for centuries to support metabolic health and glucose control.

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is a tropical fruit traditionally used in Asian medicine for blood sugar regulation and digestive support. It contains bioactive compounds including charantin and polypeptide-p that may help improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Cissus quadrangularis, also known as vétch or devil's backbone, is a tropical plant traditionally used in Ayurvedic and African medicine. It contains stilbenes and flavonoids that may support bone health, joint function, and metabolic processes.

Coleus forskohlii is a traditional Ayurvedic herb containing forskolin, an active compound that may support cAMP levels and metabolic function. It has been studied for potential effects on body composition, cardiovascular health, and cellular signalling pathways.

Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta) are small, peppery seeds from West Africa traditionally used as a spice and in traditional medicine. They contain compounds like 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol that may offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Limited scientific research exists on their therapeutic efficacy in humans.

Yohimbine HCl is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the Pausinystalia yohimbe tree, functioning as an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist. It is commonly used to support fat loss, athletic performance, and sexual function through increased adrenaline and noradrenaline signalling.

Synephrine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) that functions as a sympathomimetic compound similar to ephedrine. It is commonly used in weight management and energy supplements to support metabolism and fat oxidation.

Green coffee bean extract is derived from unroasted coffee beans and contains chlorogenic acid, a polyphenol with potential metabolic benefits. It is commonly used as a weight management supplement and for its antioxidant properties.

Citicoline is a naturally occurring compound that supports brain health by enhancing phosphatidylcholine synthesis and supporting cell membrane integrity. It promotes cognitive function, memory formation, and neurological protection whilst supporting acetylcholine production for improved focus and mental clarity.

Huperzine A is a naturally derived alkaloid extracted from Chinese club moss that acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, enhancing acetylcholine levels in the brain. It is widely used for cognitive enhancement, memory support, and potential neuroprotective benefits.

Vinpocetine is a synthetic derivative of the alkaloid vincamine, derived from the periwinkle plant, used primarily to support cognitive function and cerebral blood flow. It is marketed as a nootropic supplement to enhance memory, mental clarity, and neuroprotection, though evidence for efficacy in healthy individuals remains mixed.

Piracetam is a nootropic compound and cyclic derivative of GABA that may enhance cognitive function and memory formation. It is one of the earliest nootropics and is widely used in Europe, though evidence of efficacy in healthy individuals remains mixed.

Lion's Mane is a medicinal mushroom traditionally used in Asian medicine, now studied for its potential cognitive and neuroprotective properties. The 8:1 extract represents an 8-fold concentration of the fruiting body, offering a potent form of bioactive compounds. Research suggests it may support brain health, nerve growth factor production, and mental clarity.

Cordyceps militaris is a parasitic fungus traditionally used in Chinese medicine to enhance energy and endurance. It contains bioactive compounds including adenosine and cordycepin that may support ATP production and oxygen utilisation. This cultivated species offers a more sustainable alternative to the rare wild Cordyceps sinensis.

Reishi dual extract combines both water and alcohol extractions of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom to capture a broader spectrum of bioactive compounds including polysaccharides and triterpenes. This traditional adaptogenic fungus has been used in Chinese medicine for centuries to support relaxation, immune function, and overall wellbeing.

Ginkgo biloba is a traditional herbal supplement derived from the leaves of the ancient ginkgo tree, used for centuries in traditional medicine. It is commonly taken to support cognitive function, memory, and cerebral blood flow, with some evidence suggesting benefits for age-related cognitive decline.

Bacopa monnieri is a traditional Ayurvedic herb standardised to contain 50% bacosides, the active compounds responsible for its cognitive-enhancing properties. Commonly used to support memory, learning capacity, and mental clarity through its adaptogenic mechanisms.

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a beneficial probiotic bacterium that colonises the small intestine and supports digestive health. It aids nutrient absorption, strengthens the intestinal barrier, and helps maintain a balanced gut microbiome. This strain is among the most researched probiotics and is widely used to support overall digestive and immune function.

Bifidobacterium breve is a beneficial probiotic bacterium naturally found in the human gut microbiome. It helps maintain digestive health, supports immune function, and produces short-chain fatty acids that nourish intestinal cells.

Saccharomyces Boulardii CNCM is a probiotic yeast strain clinically studied for supporting digestive health and maintaining healthy gut flora. It survives stomach acid and colonises the intestinal tract to promote microbial balance. The CNCM designation indicates it is the specific strain registered with the French National Collection of Microorganisms.

Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) is a soluble fibre derived from guar beans that has been enzymatically broken down to improve digestibility and reduce gas production. It functions as a prebiotic, promoting beneficial gut bacteria whilst supporting digestive health and regularity. PHGG is well-tolerated and commonly used to manage both constipation and diarrhoea.

Pectin is a soluble dietary fibre found naturally in fruits and vegetables, particularly apples and citrus peels. It is commonly used as a food additive and supplement to support digestive health and cholesterol management.

Resistant starch is a type of carbohydrate that resists digestion in the small intestine and reaches the colon intact, where it acts similarly to dietary fibre. It serves as a prebiotic, feeding beneficial gut bacteria and promoting short-chain fatty acid production. This unique property distinguishes it from regular starch in terms of metabolic effects.

Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria during the fermentation of dietary fibre. It serves as a primary fuel source for colonocytes and plays a crucial role in maintaining gut barrier integrity and reducing inflammation.

L-Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid that serves as a primary fuel source for intestinal and immune cells. It supports gut barrier integrity, muscle recovery, and immune function, particularly during periods of physical stress or illness.

Zinc Carnosine is a chelated compound combining zinc and L-carnosine, primarily researched for gastrointestinal health and mucosal protection. It combines the immune-supporting properties of zinc with carnosine's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.

Glucosamine sulphate is an amino sugar derived from shellfish or synthesised in laboratories, primarily used to support joint health and cartilage maintenance. It is one of the most researched forms of glucosamine and has been studied extensively for its potential effects on osteoarthritis and joint function.

Chondroitin MSM Complex combines chondroitin sulphate and methylsulphonylmethane (MSM) to support joint health and cartilage integrity. This combination is commonly used to reduce joint discomfort and promote mobility, particularly in ageing populations.

Type II undenatured collagen is a native form of collagen that maintains its triple helix structure, primarily sourced from chicken cartilage. It is specifically designed to support joint health, cartilage integrity, and immune tolerance through oral administration. The undenatured form allows for unique immunomodulatory benefits not found in hydrolysed collagen.

AKBA (Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid) is a potent bioactive compound extracted from Boswellia serrata resin, known for its concentrated anti-inflammatory properties. It represents a standardised, high-potency form of boswellia that targets inflammatory pathways more effectively than conventional boswellia extracts.

Devil's Claw is a traditional African herb primarily used to support joint health and reduce inflammation. It contains active compounds called iridoid glycosides that may help alleviate discomfort associated with arthritis and general joint stiffness.

Turmeric Phytosome is a patented delivery system combining curcumin (turmeric's active compound) with phospholipids to enhance absorption. This formulation significantly improves bioavailability compared to standard turmeric extract, allowing lower doses to achieve therapeutic effects.

Nattokinase is a serine protease enzyme derived from natto (fermented soybean), traditionally used in Japanese cuisine. It is primarily researched for its fibrinolytic properties and potential cardiovascular support through natural blood clot dissolution.

Serrapeptase is a proteolytic enzyme derived from silkworm intestines that breaks down non-living tissue and proteins. It is traditionally used in Asia for inflammation reduction and may support respiratory and circulatory health.

Allicin is a bioactive sulphur compound produced when garlic cloves are crushed or chopped, responsible for garlic's characteristic odour and many of its health properties. It is commonly extracted and concentrated into supplements to provide consistent dosing of this volatile compound.

Hawthorn berry is a traditional herbal supplement derived from the fruit of Crataegus species, primarily used to support cardiovascular health and heart function. Rich in flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, it has been employed in traditional medicine for centuries to promote healthy blood pressure and circulation.

Red yeast rice is a traditional Chinese fermented product created by cultivating yeast (Monascus purpureus) on rice, containing naturally occurring compounds including monacolin K which may support cholesterol levels. It has been used in Asian cuisine and traditional medicine for centuries as both a food colouring and health supplement.

Policosanol is a mixture of long-chain alcohols derived from plant waxes, primarily sugar cane, traditionally used to support cholesterol levels. Early studies suggested potential cardiovascular benefits, though more recent research has produced mixed and less convincing results.

The Omega-3 Index Test is a blood test that measures the percentage of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) in red blood cell membranes. It provides a personalised assessment of your omega-3 status and cardiovascular risk profile. Results guide optimal supplementation and dietary adjustments.

Plant sterols, also known as phytosterols, are naturally occurring compounds found in plants that structurally resemble cholesterol. They are clinically proven to reduce LDL cholesterol levels by blocking cholesterol absorption in the digestive system, making them effective for cardiovascular health support.

Bergamot extract is derived from the Citrus bergamia fruit and is rich in polyphenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids. It has been traditionally used to support cardiovascular health, cholesterol management, and metabolic function.

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is a traditional herbal remedy derived from the dark purple berries of the elder plant, commonly used to support immune function. Rich in anthocyanins and polyphenols, it has been studied for its potential antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties.

Liposomal vitamin C is a stabilised form of ascorbic acid encapsulated in phospholipid liposomes for enhanced absorption. This delivery method bypasses typical digestive limitations, potentially offering superior bioavailability compared to standard vitamin C supplements.

Zinc acetate lozenges are a popular over-the-counter supplement designed to support immune function and potentially reduce the duration of cold symptoms. The acetate form provides bioavailable zinc in a convenient lozenge format for oral absorption.

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein found naturally in milk and other bodily secretions that plays a role in immune function and iron metabolism. It has been studied for its potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Beta glucans are soluble dietary fibres derived primarily from yeast, fungi, and cereal grains that support immune function and cardiovascular health. These polysaccharides are recognised for their ability to modulate immune response through interactions with pattern recognition receptors on immune cells.

Colostrum IgG is an immunoglobulin protein derived from bovine colostrum that supports gut barrier function and immune response. It contains concentrated antibodies designed to protect against pathogens and promote intestinal health.

Magnesium bisglycinate is a highly absorbable chelated form of magnesium bound to the amino acid glycine, offering superior bioavailability compared to inorganic magnesium salts. This combination provides the relaxation and mineral benefits of magnesium whilst the glycine component may enhance absorption and provide additional calming effects.

Glycine is a simple amino acid and neurotransmitter precursor that plays roles in protein synthesis, collagen formation, and central nervous system function. At 3g daily, it is commonly used to support sleep quality, cognitive function, and joint health with a strong safety profile.

L-Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that serves as a precursor to serotonin and melatonin, neurotransmitters crucial for mood regulation and sleep quality. This supplement is commonly used to support emotional wellbeing, promote restful sleep, and maintain healthy circadian rhythms. It plays a vital role in protein synthesis and various metabolic processes throughout the body.

Valerian Root 4:1 is a concentrated herbal extract standardised to a 4:1 ratio, traditionally used to promote relaxation and support sleep quality. This potent formulation contains valerenic acids and other bioactive compounds that may help reduce anxiety and encourage restful sleep.

Passionflower extract is derived from the Passiflora edulis plant and has been traditionally used in herbal medicine to promote relaxation and reduce anxiety. It contains bioactive compounds including flavonoids and alkaloids that may support emotional wellness and sleep quality.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a traditional herb used to promote relaxation and support cognitive function. The extract concentrates active compounds including rosmarinic acid and polyphenols that may enhance mood and reduce anxiety.

Tart cherry extract is derived from Prunus cerasus and is rich in anthocyanins and polyphenols. It is commonly used to support sleep quality, reduce muscle soreness, and provide anti-inflammatory benefits. The extract has gained popularity among athletes and those seeking natural sleep support.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a neurotransmitter that promotes relaxation and reduces nervous tension. At 750mg doses, it is commonly used to support stress relief and sleep quality. Bioavailability concerns exist regarding oral GABA crossing the blood-brain barrier effectively.

Apigenin is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in chamomile, parsley, and other plants, known for its potential calming and antioxidant properties. It acts as a ligand for benzodiazepine receptors, suggesting possible anxiolytic and sleep-promoting effects.

Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in connective tissues that helps retain moisture and support skin hydration from within. Oral supplementation aims to improve skin elasticity, joint lubrication, and overall skin appearance by increasing systemic hyaluronic acid levels.

Astaxanthin is a potent carotenoid antioxidant derived primarily from microalgae, offering superior free radical protection compared to other antioxidants. At 12mg, this dose aligns with typical supplemental levels used in clinical research for systemic benefits.

Biotin (Vitamin B7) is an essential B-complex vitamin crucial for keratin production and healthy hair, skin, and nails. This high-potency 10000mcg dose supports energy metabolism and may improve brittle nails and hair strength. Well-tolerated with minimal side effects at this supplemental level.

Silica Bamboo Extract is a natural source of bioavailable silica derived from bamboo plants, commonly used to support connective tissue health and structural integrity. It contains organic silica that may promote bone strength, skin elasticity, and hair and nail quality.

Collagen Types I and III are structural proteins that form the foundation of skin, bones, tendons, and connective tissue. These peptides are bioavailable and support skin elasticity, joint health, and wound healing. Type I comprises approximately 90% of organic bone matrix whilst Type III provides tensile strength to skin and organs.

Vitamin E d-Alpha is the most biologically active form of vitamin E, a potent fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage. It plays a crucial role in immune function, neurological health, and cardiovascular protection.

Evening Primrose Oil is derived from the seeds of the evening primrose plant and contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. It is commonly used to support hormonal balance, skin health, and inflammatory response. The oil has been traditionally employed for managing symptoms associated with hormonal fluctuations and joint discomfort.

GLA (gamma-linolenic acid) is an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found primarily in plant oils such as borage seed, evening primrose, and black currant seed oils. It is converted in the body to anti-inflammatory compounds that may support joint health, skin condition, and hormonal balance. GLA is distinct from other omega-6 fatty acids due to its potent anti-inflammatory properties.

Creatine hydrochloride is a form of creatine bound to hydrochloric acid, designed for enhanced solubility and absorption compared to standard creatine monohydrate. It supports ATP production in muscle cells, enhancing strength, power output, and muscle mass gains during resistance training. This form requires no loading phase and produces fewer gastrointestinal side effects.

Beta alanine sustained release is a modified form of the amino acid beta alanine designed to deliver consistent levels over time, reducing the characteristic tingling sensation associated with standard beta alanine supplementation. It supports muscle carnosine synthesis, enhancing muscular endurance and buffering lactate accumulation during high-intensity exercise. This formulation is particularly beneficial for athletes engaged in repeated efforts lasting 1-10 minutes.

Citrulline malate is a compound combining the amino acid L-citrulline with malic acid in a 2:1 ratio. It is primarily used to enhance athletic performance, reduce fatigue, and improve blood flow and endurance during exercise. The malic acid component may provide additional energy support during intense physical activity.

Betaine anhydrous, also known as trimethylglycine (TMG), is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative that supports methylation and homocysteine metabolism. It plays a role in cellular function, cardiovascular health, and athletic performance through its involvement in critical biochemical pathways.

Caffeine anhydrous is a dehydrated form of caffeine that provides rapid mental stimulation and improved focus. It is commonly used to enhance alertness, physical performance, and cognitive function. The 200mg dose represents a standard serving for most adults seeking moderate stimulation.

L-Carnitine L-Tartrate is a form of carnitine bonded with tartaric acid, primarily used to support energy metabolism and athletic performance. It facilitates the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production and may enhance recovery from intense exercise.

HMB (β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate) calcium is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine that supports muscle protein synthesis and recovery. It is commonly used by athletes and those engaging in resistance training to help preserve lean muscle mass and reduce exercise-induced muscle breakdown.

Nitric oxide precursors, primarily L-arginine and L-citrulline, are amino acids that enhance the production of nitric oxide in the body, a critical signalling molecule for vascular function. These compounds improve blood flow, endothelial health, and oxygen delivery to tissues throughout the body.

Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid synthesised in the body and found in animal proteins, playing crucial roles in cardiac function, neurological development, and antioxidant defence. It is particularly valued by athletes and those seeking cardiovascular and cognitive support.

DIM (diindolylmethane) is a compound derived from cruciferous vegetables that supports oestrogen metabolism and hormonal balance. At 200mg, it provides a moderate dose commonly used for hormone-related health concerns. It works by promoting the conversion of oestrogen into beneficial metabolites.

Calcium D-glucarate is a naturally occurring compound found in fruits and vegetables that supports the body's glucuronidation detoxification pathway. It works by enhancing the elimination of harmful substances and excess hormones through the liver and kidneys.

I3C is a naturally occurring compound found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and cabbage that supports oestrogen metabolism and detoxification. It is converted in the stomach to diindolylmethane (DIM), which is believed to promote balanced hormone levels and antioxidant activity.

Myo-inositol is a naturally occurring isomer of inositol, a pseudovitamin involved in cellular signalling and insulin sensitivity. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose metabolism and reproductive health, particularly in women with PCOS. Widely researched for its metabolic and hormonal benefits with a strong safety profile.

D-Chiro-Inositol is a naturally occurring isomer of inositol, a pseudo-vitamin found in foods and synthesised by the body. It plays a crucial role in insulin signalling and glucose metabolism, making it particularly valuable for metabolic health. Research suggests it may benefit those with insulin resistance and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Vitex Agnus Castus, commonly known as Chasteberry, is a traditional herbal remedy derived from the fruit of the Vitex plant, primarily used to support hormonal balance in women. It has been traditionally employed for menstrual irregularities, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and menopausal symptoms, with its mechanism thought to involve dopaminergic and progesterone-modulating effects.

Spearmint extract is derived from the leaves of Mentha spicata and has been traditionally used to support digestive health and hormonal balance. Rich in polyphenols and volatile oils, it may offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent research suggests potential benefits for managing excess androgens in women.

Saw Palmetto is a herbal extract derived from the berries of Serenoa repens, traditionally used to support prostate health and urinary function in men. It is commonly taken to help manage symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and may help reduce urinary frequency and improve flow.

Lutein is a carotenoid antioxidant found naturally in leafy greens that accumulates in the macula of the eye. A 20mg dose supports eye health, particularly macular pigment density and protection against age-related macular degeneration. It may also provide antioxidant support for skin and cognitive health.

Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid antioxidant concentrated in the macula of the eye, crucial for protecting vision from age-related degeneration. This 4mg dose supports ocular health and may reduce the risk of macular degeneration when combined with other antioxidants.

Bilberry extract is derived from the European blueberry and is rich in anthocyanins, powerful antioxidants that support eye health and vision. Traditionally used in herbal medicine, it may help reduce eye strain, improve night vision, and support overall ocular function. The extract has been studied for its potential cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory benefits.

Saffron extract is derived from the stigmas of Crocus sativus and contains active compounds including crocin and safranal. It has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Persian medicine, with emerging scientific evidence supporting its use for mood support and cognitive function.

Milk thistle is a herbal supplement standardised to contain 80% silymarin, the active compound responsible for its hepatoprotective properties. Traditionally used in European medicine for liver support and detoxification, it has been extensively studied for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

NAC (N-acetylcysteine) is a stabilised form of the amino acid cysteine that acts as a powerful antioxidant and glutathione precursor. It supports respiratory health, immune function, and liver detoxification whilst helping to break down mucus. NAC is commonly used for both preventative wellness and acute respiratory support.

Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) is a potent antioxidant compound that supports mitochondrial function and cellular energy production. It plays a key role in glucose metabolism and may help protect against oxidative stress and neurological decline.

Liposomal glutathione is an encapsulated form of the body's master antioxidant, designed to enhance absorption and bioavailability compared to standard oral supplements. It supports cellular detoxification, immune function, and oxidative stress reduction by protecting cells from free radical damage.

Calcium D-glucarate is a naturally occurring compound found in cruciferous vegetables that supports the body's detoxification processes, particularly glucuronidation pathways. It may help maintain healthy hormone metabolism and liver function by promoting the elimination of unwanted compounds through bile.

Ubiquinol is the reduced, active form of Coenzyme Q10 that plays a crucial role in cellular energy production and antioxidant defence. At 200mg, this dosage targets cardiovascular health, mitochondrial function, and age-related decline in CoQ10 levels.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a bioactive compound that functions as a cofactor for cellular energy production and mitochondrial biogenesis. At 20mg, this dosage supports cognitive function and cellular recovery. Research suggests PQQ may enhance memory and reduce oxidative stress in ageing adults.

D-Ribose is a five-carbon sugar that plays a crucial role in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthesis, the primary energy molecule in cells. It is commonly used to support cellular energy production, particularly in individuals with chronic fatigue or those engaging in intense physical activity. Research suggests potential benefits for exercise recovery and mitochondrial function.

Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALC) is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative that plays a crucial role in mitochondrial energy production and cellular function. It is particularly valued for supporting cognitive function, mental clarity, and physical energy metabolism. ALC crosses the blood-brain barrier effectively, making it especially beneficial for neurological support.

Shilajit is a nutrient-dense, tar-like substance from high-altitude mountains containing fulvic acid and over 84 minerals. This purified extract concentrates bioactive compounds traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine to enhance energy, vitality, and overall wellness. It functions as an adaptogen, helping the body manage stress and support optimal physiological function.

Cordyceps CS-4 is a cultivated strain of the medicinal fungus traditionally used in Chinese medicine to enhance energy and stamina. This extract is standardised for bioactive compounds including adenosine and cordycepin, which may support cellular energy production and athletic performance. It is particularly valued by athletes and those seeking natural endurance support.

Rhodiola SHR-5 is a standardised extract of Rhodiola rosea, an adaptogenic herb traditionally used to enhance stress resilience and mental performance. This proprietary formulation has been extensively studied for its capacity to reduce fatigue, improve mood, and support cognitive function during periods of physical and mental strain.

Nutrient-dense leaf powder rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.

Antioxidant-rich Amazonian berry with high anthocyanin content.

Traditional Chinese superfruit packed with zeaxanthin and polysaccharides.

Minimally processed cacao rich in flavanols, magnesium, and theobromine.

Complete plant protein source with an ideal omega-6 to omega-3 ratio.

Tiny seeds loaded with fibre, omega-3 ALA, and minerals.

Richest plant source of omega-3 ALA and lignans for heart and hormonal health.

Nutrient-dense granules collected by bees, rich in protein and B vitamins.

Queen bee secretion with unique fatty acids and bioactive proteins.

New Zealand honey with unique methylglyoxal antibacterial activity.

Young barley shoots rich in chlorophyll, enzymes, and alkalising minerals.

Single-celled green algae rich in chlorophyll, protein, and B12.

Young wheat shoots juiced for concentrated chlorophyll and nutrients.

Amazonian berry with the highest known natural vitamin C concentration.

Peruvian fruit powder used as a natural low-GI sweetener rich in carotenoids.

Frankincense resin extract with potent anti-inflammatory boswellic acids.

Amazonian vine bark with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory alkaloids.

South American tree bark with antifungal and antimicrobial lapachol compounds.

Mucilaginous herb that soothes and protects mucous membranes.

Demulcent bark that coats and protects the digestive tract lining.

Intensely bitter herb that stimulates digestive secretions and appetite.

Iron-rich bitter herb supporting gentle detoxification and digestion.

Prebiotic-rich root used traditionally for skin health and detoxification.

Isoflavone-rich flower used for menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular support.

Diosgenin-containing root traditionally used for hormonal and menstrual support.

Premier Chinese herb for women's health and blood circulation.

North American herb with strong clinical evidence for menopausal symptom relief.

Hormone-balancing berry that supports progesterone and menstrual regularity.

Ayurvedic adaptogen revered as the primary female rejuvenative tonic.

Ayurvedic immunomodulator known as the root of immortality.

Amino acid compound that boosts nitric oxide, blood flow, and exercise endurance.

Arginine metabolite that modulates nitric oxide and supports pain management.

Highly bioavailable choline form that supports brain function and power output.

Phospholipid signalling molecule that activates the mTOR muscle growth pathway.

Plant-derived steroid analogue with anabolic effects without hormonal side effects.

Oral ATP supplement that supports strength, power, and muscle excitability.

Amino acid that supports ammonia detoxification and may reduce exercise fatigue.

Arginase inhibitor that may prolong nitric oxide production for better pumps.

Spice extract that activates brown adipose tissue and boosts energy expenditure.

Omega-6 fatty acid that amplifies the inflammatory signalling needed for muscle growth.

Potent racetam nootropic with stimulant and cognitive-enhancing properties.

Synthetic thiamine derivative that crosses the blood-brain barrier for cognitive support.

RNA nucleotide that supports synapse formation and dopamine function.

Mitochondrial biogenesis factor and powerful redox cycling antioxidant.

Key brain phospholipid that supports memory, focus, and cortisol regulation.

Cholinergic compound that supports brain energy and lipofuscin clearance.

Periwinkle alkaloid that enhances cerebral blood flow and neuroprotection.

Potent natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Chinese club moss.

Enhanced-solubility tyrosine form supporting dopamine and stress performance.

Endogenous brain nutrient providing both choline and cytidine for neuroprotection.

Therapeutic yeast probiotic that prevents and treats diarrhoeal diseases.

Short-chain fatty acid that fuels colon cells and supports gut barrier integrity.

Multi-enzyme complex supporting the breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Supplemental bile salts supporting fat digestion, especially post-gallbladder removal.

Supplemental stomach acid for those with low gastric acid (hypochlorhydria).

Cruciferous vegetable compound that promotes healthy estrogen metabolism.

Inhibits beta-glucuronidase to support estrogen and toxin elimination.

Master precursor hormone from which all steroid hormones are synthesised.

Adrenal hormone precursor that declines with age, supporting vitality and immunity.

Trace mineral supporting testosterone, bone density, and vitamin D metabolism.

The most abundant amino acid in the body. Plays a critical role in gut health, immune function, and muscle recovery. Levels can be depleted during intense exercise or illness.

Essential minerals that carry electric charge in your body fluids. Include sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Critical for hydration, nerve function, and muscle contraction.

Fadogia Agrestis is a Nigerian shrub traditionally used as an aphrodisiac that has gained mainstream attention through the Huberman Lab podcast. It is hypothesised to stimulate luteinising hormone (LH) release, which may increase testicular testosterone production. Despite viral popularity, human clinical data remains extremely limited, and animal studies have raised concerns about testicular toxicity at higher doses.

Desiccated beef liver is freeze-dried or dehydrated whole bovine liver offered in capsule form — effectively nose-to-tail nutrition in supplement format. It is championed by the ancestral health and carnivore diet communities as a natural multivitamin, providing highly bioavailable retinol (preformed vitamin A), heme iron, B12, copper, folate, and CoQ10 in a whole-food matrix. It avoids the synthetic forms and fillers found in conventional multivitamins.

Astragalus membranaceus is one of the most important herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), used for over 2,000 years as a Qi tonic to strengthen the body's defensive energy. Modern research has focused on its polysaccharides and cycloastragenol content, which may support immune function, reduce inflammation, and even protect telomere length — the cellular markers of biological ageing.

Rhodiola crenulata is the Tibetan cousin of the more common Rhodiola rosea. While rosea is rich in rosavins and salidroside, crenulata is predominantly a salidroside source — often containing 3-5x more salidroside than rosea. This makes it particularly interesting for its anti-fatigue, neuroprotective, and altitude adaptation properties. It has been used in Tibetan and Chinese medicine for centuries as a high-altitude performance aid.

Pine bark extract, most commonly sold as the branded ingredient Pycnogenol (from French maritime pine, Pinus pinaster), is a potent source of proanthocyanidins — powerful antioxidants that support blood vessel health, reduce inflammation, and improve circulation. It is one of the most well-researched botanical supplements with over 400 published studies and 160 clinical trials.

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a phospholipid that forms a critical component of cell membranes, particularly in the brain where it accounts for 15% of the total phospholipid pool. It plays essential roles in neurotransmitter release, signal transduction, and cell-to-cell communication. Supplementation has been studied extensively for cognitive function, cortisol reduction, and exercise recovery.

Beta-glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides found in the cell walls of fungi (mushrooms, yeast), bacteria, and cereals (oats, barley). The immunologically active forms — particularly beta-1,3/1,6-glucans from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and medicinal mushrooms — are among the most well-documented natural immune modulators. They prime the innate immune system without overstimulating it, making them unique among immune supplements.