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Vitamin B12

vitamins

Essential for nerve function, red blood cell production, and DNA synthesis. Deficiency common in vegans, vegetarians, and older adults.

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Benefits

Energy production
Nerve function and protection
Red blood cell formation
DNA synthesis
May reduce homocysteine levels

Dosage

Typical Dose

500-1,000mcg daily

Upper Limit

No established upper limit (water-soluble)

Timing

Morning — may be energising

Forms & Bioavailability

Methylcobalamin

High — active form, preferred for most people

Adenosylcobalamin

High — active form used in mitochondria

Cyanocobalamin

Good — synthetic, must be converted, but well-studied

Side Effects

Very safe — excess excreted in urine
Rare: acne at very high doses in some individuals

Interactions

Metformin reduces B12 absorption — supplement if on metformin
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce absorption
Nitrous oxide inactivates B12

Research Summary

Essential vitamin with clear deficiency symptoms (fatigue, neuropathy, anaemia). Vegans must supplement. Sublingual or high-dose oral is as effective as injections for most people.

The Bottom Line on Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is well-researched with strong evidence supporting its primary benefits.It is most commonly used for energy production and nerve function and protection. As with any supplement, individual results vary. Start with the lower end of the dosage range and assess for 4-8 weeks before adjusting.

About Our Research

This profile is compiled from peer-reviewed research published on PubMed, the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, and established nutritional science databases. Dosages reflect clinically-studied amounts from human trials where available. We update profiles as new research emerges. This is not medical advice — consult a healthcare professional before supplementing.

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Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any supplement, especially if you have existing health conditions or take medication.

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