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Iron

minerals

Iron is an essential mineral critical for oxygen transport, energy production, and cognitive function. It is particularly important for individuals at risk of deficiency, including vegans, vegetarians, and those with certain medical conditions. Proper supplementation can restore depleted iron stores and improve symptoms of anaemia.

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Benefits

Supports oxygen transport via haemoglobin
Enhances energy production and reduces fatigue
Improves cognitive function and concentration
Supports immune system function
Essential for healthy red blood cell formation

Dosage

Typical Dose

8-18 mg daily for adults (varies by age and gender)

Upper Limit

45 mg daily (tolerable upper limit for adults)

Timing

Take on an empty stomach with vitamin C for enhanced absorption; separate from calcium and caffeine by 2+ hours

Forms & Bioavailability

Ferrous sulphate

High absorption; most cost-effective but may cause gastrointestinal upset

Ferrous gluconate

Moderate absorption; gentler on the stomach than sulphate

Ferric citrate

Well-tolerated; moderate bioavailability with fewer GI side effects

Iron bisglycinate (chelated)

High absorption and minimal gastrointestinal disturbance

Side Effects

Constipation or diarrhoea
Nausea and abdominal discomfort
Dark stools
Headache and dizziness
Iron overload toxicity (at excessive doses)

Interactions

Reduced absorption with calcium, magnesium, zinc, and polyphenols
Enhanced absorption with vitamin C
May interfere with tetracycline and fluoroquinolone antibiotics
Reduced effectiveness of levothyroxine (thyroid medication)
Potential interaction with proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers

Research Summary

Clinical evidence demonstrates iron supplementation effectively treats iron deficiency anaemia and improves energy, cognition, and exercise performance in deficient individuals. However, excessive iron supplementation in non-deficient individuals may increase oxidative stress and disease risk, making supplementation appropriate only when deficiency is confirmed through serum ferritin testing. Population studies show iron status significantly impacts physical and mental health outcomes, particularly in women of childbearing age and developing nations.

The Bottom Line on Iron

Iron is well-researched with strong evidence supporting its primary benefits.It is most commonly used for supports oxygen transport via haemoglobin and enhances energy production and reduces fatigue. As with any supplement, individual results vary. Start with the lower end of the dosage range and assess for 4-8 weeks before adjusting.

About Our Research

This profile is compiled from peer-reviewed research published on PubMed, the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, and established nutritional science databases. Dosages reflect clinically-studied amounts from human trials where available. We update profiles as new research emerges. This is not medical advice — consult a healthcare professional before supplementing.

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Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any supplement, especially if you have existing health conditions or take medication.

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